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The Landscape Management Practices of Macalester College: Facts and PossibilitiesBy Claudia J. Curran and Andrew C. Miller
In this report, we focus on the landscape management policies and practices of Macalester College in St. Paul, Minnesota. We provide a list of current management practices, though some, unfortunately, are ambiguous. These practices include chemical use (i.e., pesticides, herbicides, de-icing agents, fertilizers), irrigation practices, lawn mowing, and alternative campus landscaping. After reporting the landscape management practices and protocols of Macalester College, we make recommendations for change. If our recommended changes are implemented, a reduction in the negative environmental impact of Macalester College’s current landscape practices will occur. INTRODUCTION In 1999, the Environmental Studies Program of Macalester College (St. Paul, MN) began to implement changes into its curriculum, with the goal of becoming one of the top Environmental Studies Programs in the country. Recently, the chair of the Environmental Studies Program, Aldemaro Romero, Ph.D., described one obstacle to the program’s attainment of its goal: "In order for Macalester College to develop a stellar Environmental Studies Program, the college needs to practice what it preaches." To determine the extent to which Macalester College is environmentally responsible, or to what extent Macalester practices what it preaches, Romero decided to acquire baseline data. Groups of students in Romero’s Spring 2000 Environmental Studies Senior Seminar conducted environmental audits of different college policies, practices and protocols. Environmental auditing is a tool used by many industrial companies and institutions to ensure company and institutional compliance with environmental regulations and standards; however, more and more college and university students have begun to conduct environmental audits on their campuses. These academic environmental audits not only respond to a growing global environmental awareness, they encourage the development of environmentally sound institutions and informed and responsible citizens. Humans learn best by example, so if Macalester College is environmentally responsible, the more likely its graduates will be as well. Many colleges and universities in the United States have already established environmental auditing programs and implementation plans. Tulane University, Brown University, Highland College, Bates College, Harvard University, Oberlin College and Middlebury have all either conducted some sort of campus environmental audit or are in the process of doing so. Therefore, conducting an environmental audit of Macalester College will enable the college to be a better competitor with its academic peers. In this paper, we report the results of an audit of Macalester College’s landscape management practices. After examining its practices, we suggest ways in which the college can change its practices in order to become more environmentally responsible. MACALESTER COLLEGE LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT AUDIT Policies Macalester College sits on 53 acres surrounded by urban residential St. Paul. Of the 53 campus acres, 25 are planted with turf and ornamental vegetation, including flowers and shrubs. Seven and a half acres of the total 53 acres are athletic fields; six miles of concrete sidewalks criss-cross the Macalester College campus. The 53 campus acres are maintained by Macalester College’s Physical Plant. Within the Physical Plant, the Buildings Department maintains and manages campus structures, whereas the Grounds Department maintains campus aesthetics and the composition of the campus vegetation. We experienced difficulty when we asked for a Grounds Department mission statement. On 13 March 2000, Jerry Nelson, the Grounds Department Supervisor, provided us with a mission statement for the Grounds Department, after we told him we were working on an environmental audit of Macalester’s landscape management practices for an Environmental Studies class. His statement was: "The function of the Grounds Department is to maintain the campus grounds in a way that is safe, environmentally sound, and aesthetically pleasing for the Macalester college community." However, when we accessed the Grounds Department web page, it stated that "The Grounds Department at Macalester serves to maintain the campus grounds as a safe and aesthetically pleasing environment." We contacted the Director of the Physical Plant, Mark Dickinson, for clarification. He told us that there is no specific goal of the Grounds Department or of Physical Plant, although the aim of the Physical Plant is "To provide a campus that is safe and comfortable with well maintained buildings and grounds." Interestingly, Nelson’s statement is the only statement that addresses "the environment" as a whole or global entity, contrasting the other two statements that only address "the environment" of the Macalester College campus. The inclusion of "the environment" in Nelson’s most recent statement is a step in the right direction—we feel the environment should be addressed in the Grounds Department mission statement. However, the lack of consistency in the above three statements does highlight the fact that there really is no officially recognized mission statement or goal of the Grounds Department. The absence of official Grounds Department goals, policies, procedural guidelines and record-keeping makes it difficult for grounds workers to know what are and aren’t acceptable landscape management practices. Resulting from this uncertainty, a loophole is created within the department that allows for the possibility of the grounds employees to implement unnecessary and environmentally unfriendly practices. A lack of official Grounds Department records, policies and practical guidelines also made it difficult for us to conduct our research. When we discussed current landscape management practices with Nelson (Appendix for full interview; Table 1 for some questions and answers), he did not know all of the answers to our questions and guessed when answering several questions. This uncertainty makes it difficult to analyze results; however, he could confidently tell us some answers, so the bulk of our recommendations focus on what he answered definitively. TABLE 1
Table 1—This table shows a broad sample of questions asked in an interview with Macalester’s Grounds Supervisor Jerry Nelson in February 2000. Modeled after Hazen (1997). *Answer out of parentheses indicates actual practice; answer within parentheses is answer given by Grounds Supervisor. Chemical Practices There are two alternatives to spraying a chemical to kill pests. These are Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and Organic Pest Management (OPM). The first, IPM, was developed for use on commercial crops to lower the cost of pest management in commercial fields. It combines preventative and control techniques and includes the use of synthetic pesticides. The four categories of controls within IPM are cultural, physical, biological and chemical. Taking IPM a step farther, OPM was developed, a management technique that eliminates the use of synthetic pesticides. OPM uses a series of steps including proper plant care, soil building, and preventative pest control to eliminate the need for the "chemical" control category that appears in IPM (Bradley & Ellis 1997). Of the two methods, OPM is the least damaging to the natural environment, with essentially no negative effects. According to Jerry Nelson, Macalester’s Grounds Department uses IPM; however, it is not true IPM because Macalester’s practices lack biological and cultural components to pest management, two factors found in common definitions of IPM (Bradley & Ellis 1997; Rajotte 1993). In a more relaxed definition, IPM, in its simplest form, means only spraying chemicals as a last resort (Keniry 1995). In this sense, Macalester does use IPM, though the addition of biological and cultural components would reduce chemical use. The Macalester Grounds Department applies chemicals to areas of campus to control unwanted pests, plants and diseases. Although there are currently no official protocols and policies for chemical use, Jerry Nelson stated that grounds employees always follow directions for chemical applications, as provided by chemical manufacturers, to limit environmental and human health risks. Systems to record campus chemical applications and to monitor the chemical volume that moves through the campus are lacking. Chemicals are currently purchased from local hardware and garden stores. They are applied on an as-needed basis. With this information in mind, it is impossible to determine exact amounts of chemicals used on Macalester’s campus, although most applications are probably small. We determined the chemicals used at Macalester College by talking with Jerry Nelson and by investigating the chemicals that are currently stored in the Physical Plant’s chemical storage cabinets (Table 2). Although the Macalester College Physical Plant uses these chemicals, the Grounds Department does try to limit its chemical use as much as possible. TABLE 2
Table 2—This table shows the chemicals used on Macalester’s campus and the targeted pests, diseases or fungi. For alternative methods of treating the above problems, see Table 3, page 11. Many chemicals are used on the Macalester College campus. RosePrideâ Orthenexâ Insect & Disease Control 1, aerosol, used infrequently and only on roses at Macalester, kills diseases such as blackspot, rust and powdery mildew, and kills insects such as aphids, caterpillars and bagworms (Ortho 2000a). This chemical is applied to roses planted near or adjacent to patios on the college campus; for example, the roses planted on the south side of Olin-Rice Science Halls, near the tennis courts. Diazinon is used exclusively to remove ants at Macalester. The manufacturer claims that if directions are followed when applying diazinon there are no harmful effects to humans (Ortho 2000b). However, if as little as a half-gallon of diazinon is spilled either while applying the chemical or when moving the chemical from one place to another, the event must be reported to the National Response Center. This reporting requirement alludes to the chemical’s potentially harmful effects (The Green Club, Tulane Univ. 2000). The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) banned diazinon in open areas, such as golf courses and sod farms, in 1986 because it threatened migratory bird populations (ECO-USA 1999). Even though these restrictions are in place for these industries and businesses, no EPA restrictions currently affect domestic and academic diazinon applications. Siduron is applied to athletic fields once each warm-season month at Macalester College, at a concentration of 2.5 gallons per 1000 square feet. It’s used on cool season turfgrass to prevent unwanted annuals including bent grass, bermudagrass, smooth and hairy crabgrass, foxtail and barnyard grass. The manufacturer’s research indicates no significant negative effects associated with the use of siduron (Gowan Company, L.L.C. 2000). TruGreen ChemLawn Commercial Services applies Trimecâ 959 Broadleaf Herbicide and Turflonâ Ester Herbicide once per year to all Macalester College campus turf grass, generally during the summer months when fewer students are present on the campus. These substances are used to control the presence of dandelions, chickweed, knotweed, plantain and spurge. Trimecâ 959 Broadleaf Herbicide has the following statements on its label: "Harmful or fatal if swallowed or absorbed through skin. Harmful if inhaled." Turflonâ Ester Herbicide, under the Superfund Amendment and Reauthorization Act of 1986, is classified as "An immediate health hazard," "A delayed health hazard," and "a fire hazard" (DowElanco 2000). Irrigation Practices Macalester’s 7.5 acres of athletic fields receive regular irrigation treatments. Nelson stated that the grounds crew attempts to water turf early in the morning so that evaporation is limited and fungus does not become a problem. However, we have witnessed sprinklers in operation during peak warm hours, or after a day of rain, or even while rain is falling, on numerous occasions. There is certainly room for improvement. Mowing Practices When asked about the height of mower blades on college lawn mowers, Jerry Nelson was able to give a specific height, but said that the mowers are set "near the high end" of possible lawn height options. This is a good thing. Severe pruning that removes too much vegetation can make plants susceptible to pests, competition and disease (Sustainable Resources Center Urban Lands Program). This increased susceptibility of the vegetation increases the need for herbicide and pesticide applications. Landscaping Practices/Features One of the duties of the Grounds Department is to develop and maintain campus landscaping plans. There are currently no campus-wide maps of landscape designs, although a tree map is being developed by the Grounds Department. Nelson stated that the Grounds Department is working to increase the diversity of trees on campus and a map of present trees will help them to select new tree species. There is no herbaceous plant map. Each spring many plants are planted by the grounds crew. These perennial plants are mostly non-native forbs, such as petunias and marigolds, and are planted in mulched gardens. There are a number of features on Macalester’s campus that stray from traditional landscape practices in a way that benefits the environment. First, an artificial wetland designed to filter runoff from the athletic fields before it goes into storm drains and into the Mississippi River, was recently constructed on the south side of Olin-Rice Science Halls. Second, is the Macalester Urban Lands and Community Health (MULCH) Community Garden, a student-run organization. The garden is a small plot of land that MULCH oversees. Not only does the presence of the garden mean that less campus acreage is maintained in turf, which is fairly maintenance intensive, the garden also gives students opportunities to interact with a piece of land and learn about growing food. Third, a number of plots on campus are planted with native grasses and forbs. These plantings are along the west side of Macalester Street near the south side of campus. While in recent seasons the area has been invaded by non-native competitors, the Grounds Department has plans to replant the area in native vegetation while putting in more work to maintain the plots as such. RECOMMENDATIONS AND ALTERNATIVES Official Mission Statement and Policies The first step towards developing a more environmentally-aware Grounds Department is to create an official mission statement. While safety issues and aesthetic values are both critical to this statement, we feel the inclusion of environmental awareness is vital. The next phase is to draw-up specific policies and protocols for pest and disease management, water use and mowing practices. The best option would be to develop an Organic Pest Management policy, which would enable the campus to eliminate the use of synthetic pesticides. Another important step is to develop a system of recording what chemicals are applied to Macalester’s landscape and in what amounts. This will give some understanding of just how significant current practices are and records will help to monitor progress as new policies are implemented. With the development of official goals and policies, the "loophole" through which unnecessary use of chemicals and water takes place will be closed. Alternatives to Synthetic Chemical Treatment There are many methods that currently exist to combat nearly all types of pests and diseases in a way that is vastly less harmful to the environment than traditional chemical use. Table 3 shows some pest and disease problems Macalester has had, the chemicals currently used to treat the problems, and alternative, organic methods of treatment. TABLE 3
TABLE 3—This table shows pests and diseases that the Grounds Department has identified and treated on campus. Shown are the specific problems, current chemicals used, and alternative treatment strategies. Unless otherwise noted, all alternatives are from Bradley & Ellis (1997). Turf Grass Maintenance There are a number of irrigation and mowing practices that can reduce the presence of the undesired species mentioned in Table 3, potentially eliminating herbicide application. Irrigation Most grass roots are in the top 6-9 inches of the soil, so when watering it is important to saturate the soil slightly beyond this depth (Sustainable Resources Center Urban Lands Program). To do this, it is better to water less frequently but more thoroughly. Brief but regular water treatments keep grass roots near the surface where they dry out quickly—and then it becomes necessary to water the turf more frequently. By watering deeply, this feedback loop of shallow roots and frequent waterings can be avoided; roots are encouraged to grow more deeply with thorough waterings, and this helps the grass to become better able to tolerate dry spells. Another technique that helps to reduce water use is to "wean" the grass, as the growing season goes on, so that it becomes acclimated to having less water (Sustainable Resources Center Urban Lands Program). It is also important to develop official watering protocol to reduce unnecessary irrigation. The most effective solution would be to install automatic soil moisture monitors that sense when irrigation is necessary and automatically turn the sprinkler system on and off. Mowing The Sustainable Resources Center Urban Lands Program recommends that a healthy lawn be maintained at 2.5-3.5 inches in height, which leaves a carpet of green to shade and cool grass roots. It is also important to only cut with 1/3 of the mower blade on each pass (Sustainable Resources Center Urban Lands Program). Campus areas with the shortest turf are found within the athletic fields. There is a possibility that this grass can be maintained slightly longer because, according to Jerry Nelson, there are no NCAA or Grounds Department specifications or requirements that set limits for athletic field turf length. Allowing the grass to be a little taller may reduce the need for water and chemical use. Alternative Landscaping Practices/Features Native Landscaping While Macalester has a small area of its campus planted in native species, an increase in the percent of native plantings on campus would be a positive step. In the long-run, native plantings require less maintenance than traditional landscaping vegetation. Also, native plantings make ecological sense since the plants in native plantings have evolved in the region (Hagstrom 2000), and are therefore more likely to thrive. Increasing the amount of native plantings will potentially reduce the workload of the grounds staff and the need for synthetic chemicals. It will also help to preserve local biodiversity (Keniry 1995), and show Macalester College visitors that the college is aware of environmental issues. Local businesses can help Macalester College to increase the presence of native vegetation on its campus. One native landscaping company located in Lake Elmo, Minnesota, is Savannah Designs (770-6910). This company has worked locally for a number of years and it worked on a project with Hamline University; the company has experience working with academic institutions. Conclusion Overall, Macalester College does not have any major environmental problems associated with its grounds maintenance and management practices. Even though this is the case, there is still much room for improvement. We hope that the college will choose to incorporate and implement our recommendations in the future. APPENDIX—Interviews Interview, 2/25/00 Denis Hahn, Thomas Irvine Dodge Nature Center Landscaping at Dodge (Answers only reflect content) Int = interviewer DH = Denis Hahn Int: Does Dodge Nature Center (DNC) have a landscaping policy? DH: It’s informal rather than structured. I guess it’s more like landscape architecture. We do prairie plantings to maintain diversity and we do conscious plant placement on the DNC grounds. Our first concern is soil protection and our second is beauty. Int: So, DNC tries to balance or combine aesthetics and ecology? DH: Yes. We combine the two, but our main goal is to use the two as a jumping off point for environmental education. Int: I’m going to ask you some specific questions regarding DNC landscaping practices. Firstly, does DNC require native plantings? DH: No, but we try to use as many as possible. For example, we hope that the landscaping around the main office building at DNC will become primarily made up of native plants, mainly forbs or wildflowers. However, we have no money to undertake such a plan. So, our landscaping is more basic, and consists of sod and mulch or gravel pathways. Of course, once we implement our main office landscaping plan, we’ll also need money to maintain what we plant. Our new farm education building, on the other hand, has been landscaped to promote horticultural education. We won’t be planting native forbs or grasses around the building. Instead, the building will have more traditional landscaping: field crops, vegetable gardens, a butterfly garden and an heirloom flower garden. But, again, we are using this landscaping for environmental education, so we feel our decision is valid. Int: Does DNC require the use of disease resistant plantings? DH: No. We don’t. We probably should, though. Int: Does DNC use chemicals as fertilizers, insecticides, herbicides or fungicides? DH: Yes, we do, but very few. We try to limit what chemicals we do use to those that are organic. In the past, we once used fungicide on some spruce trees — it was a one time spray. Currently, though, we use RoundUp for restoration projects and for some farm needs because it biodegrades quickly. We spray REPEL bug repellent on our new or young plantings to keep the deer from eating the seedlings. On the farm, we also use Rotinone, an herbicidal derivative from marigolds, and wood ashes to keep away slugs, although I guess ash isn’t a chemical. We do not use fertilizers and don’t spray for dandelions on the lawns. Int: What is the unwritten policy on tree trimming or cutting and lawn mowing? DH: We only mow by the office building and around the education buildings. Otherwise, our other open space is left for restoration or education plantings. We only trim trees and bushes around the office building, and, on the grounds, we only trim or cut down trees if they are a safety hazard. Int: What constitutes a safety hazard? DH: If the trees hang over, or could potentially fall onto a path — or onto a person walking on a path. Int: Does DNC use Integrated (IPM) or Organic Pest Management (OPM)? DH: We use OPM on our bee tree orchard. We want to maintain its heirloom quality so we are using a "no-kill" by spraying policy. However, our apple orchard is more heavily managed. We use an IPM method, and work with the Univeristy of Minnesota Arboretum to get news and updates on pest hatchings. When a pest is present, we spray. Otherwise, we don’t. Int: Does DNC have a long-range plan for its landscape development and management? DH: Yes. Our plan is more general than specific, meaning we don’t have species picked out, but we have had plans/blueprints drawn up as a long-term goal for DNC’s landscape design. The plan focuses on primarily maintaining an environmental education benefit for every change or manipulation that we perform at DNC. Then, we try to preserve and protect wildlife and diversity. And, as more of a tag-on, we try to make what we do aesthetically pleasing. We try to pick out plants beneficial both for wildlife conservation and for education. If planned well, native plantings can fulfill both the educational and asthetic requirements of DNC’s landscape design initiative. Int: Thank you for meeting with me! DH: Any time. Interview 2/17/00 Jerry Nelson, Macalester College Physical Plant Landscaping and Grounds at Macalester College (Answers only reflect content) Int = interviewer JN = Jerry Nelson Int: Does Macalester College (MAC) have a landscaping and grounds maintenance policy? JN: No written policy exists. But, Physical Plant has a mission statement which states that the job of the physical plant is to maintain safety on the MAC campus and keep the landscape and grounds aesthetically pleasing for the MAC community. I don’t remember the exact wording. I can get it to you, though. Int: I’m going to ask you some specific questions regarding MAC’s landscaping practices. Firstly, does MAC require native plantings? JN: No. Int: Does MAC use Integrated (IPM) or Organic Pest Management (OPM)? JN: Not actively, although I like to think that we use IPM. We do nothing preventative and not everything gets sprayed when we spray. We only spray, excluding the athletic fields, when pests are present. Int: Does MAC use the least toxic chemicals when necessary? JN: Yes. Int: Has MAC "Renaturalized" any areas on campus? JN: Yes. A strip on Macalester St., which used to be lawn, was planted with wildflower seed mix two years ago. Unfortunately, weeds have taken over in the strip, so we’re going to be applying RoundUp to the garden, and replanting the strip with wildflower seedlings to help them get better established. Int: Does MAC use native plantings as a rule? JN: We want more variety than what only native plantings could provide us with. Too much dependence on one type of planting is bad. Natural plantings are also very difficult to maintain. Int: Does MAC use disease and pest resistant plantings as a rule? JN: No, but we try to. Int: Does MAC request native plantings from architects? JN: No. We let them pick everything. Int: Does MAC request disease or pest resistant plantings from architects? JN: No. But, we don’t have to. Everything they recommend for plantings is disease or pest resistant. Int: Does MAC replant trees from areas cleared for construction? JN: Yes. Int: Does MAC replace trees cut for development? JN: Yes. Macalester plants more trees than it cuts down. Int: Does MAC use long-lived trees over short-lived trees? JN: No. We want a mix. Int: Has MAC designated preserved or natural areas on campus? JN: No. Int: Does MAC water its plantings? JN: Yes. We always water new plantings for a few weeks, until the plants get established. And, once they are established, we rarely water them, with the exception of when it hasn’t rained for a long time. We don’t water shrubs. The athletic fields get watered in the early morning. Int: Does MAC have any devices to test soil moisture? JN: No. But, if it rains, the auto sprinklers will shut down. We have rain sensors on the athletic fields. Int: Does MAC recycle water? JN: No. Although, we have recently put in a filtration pond on the side of Olin-Rice with the tennis courts, near the athletic fields. It holds the runoff from the athletic fields. Our hope is that the cattails will take up some of the fertilizers and such that we put onto the fields. Int: Does MAC maintain up-to-date maps of plantings and vegetation on campus? JN: No. The only information we have is in the original blueprints for the buildings. So, that would mean the new campus center and George Draper Dayton Hall are the only buildings that are somewhat up-to-date. We don’t know how much grass we have, or how many trees we have, although we are working on mapping and identifying the species of the trees we have on campus. We need to do shrubs and vegetation as well. Int: Does MAC compost or reuse soil? JN: Yes. We normally leave clippings on the grass when we mow, but if we have wait to mow because it’s been raining for a while, and the grass gets pretty long, we rake the clippings. BFI picks them up and composts them. We reuse all the soil we can. In fact, you can see the piles of wood chips and old soil in the Stadium Dormitory parking lot. Int: Would MAC be willing to raise the height of its lawn mowers? JN: Yes. Int: Does MAC use chemicals for grounds maintenance? JN: Yes. We have 3 certified pesticide applicators on staff here at MAC, although we haven’t had to use pesticides that require certified applicators for the past 8 years. Int: What chemicals does MAC use on campus? JN: We use Roundup as an herbicide, mostly for weed control. The amount we use varies, depending on what we’re spraying. We don’t do large scale applications without a good reason: for example, we only spray when pests are present, or when weeds are present. We do nothing preventative. Eight years ago we cleaned out the chemical storage shed. Now, whatever we use is minimal. ChemLawn comes in and sprays the whole campus with BroadLeaf Herbicide in late August. I don’t know what or what quantities. But, I can get the numbers to you. We use Diazinon for ant control, though not often. We use Tupersan on the athletic fields, 2.5 gallons for 1000 ft2. In late fall, we fertilize the campus with 4600N sulfur-coated urea. 18018 sulfur-coated urea is used on the athletic fields about 6 or 7 times a season, about 6-8 pounds total: 1 pound is good for every 1000 ft2. WE LOOK IN THE CHEMICAL SHED IN THE SHED: Ortho Weed B Gon, Lawn Weed Killer: 4 tsp/1 gal = 200 sq. ft. Diazinon: no directions RosePride: spray can Bonide Mosquito Beater: 1/2 c/10 sq. ft. Funginex Rosepride: 1T/1 gal RoundUp: 1 1/3 oz/ 1 gal Tupersan (Siduron): no directions This is what we have in the shed. Since it’s not really the season for spraying, yet, things could vary during the warmer months. But, this is basically the stuff we use. I don't know how much or the ratios we use, though. Int: Thanks for all of your help! JN: No problem.
Bradley, Fern M., & Barbara W. Ellis, eds. 1997. "Rodale’s All-New Encyclopedia of Organic Gardening." Emmaus, Pennsylvania: Rodale Press. DowElanco. 2000. "Material Safety Data Sheet," acquired from TruGreen*ChemLawn Commercial Services 10 March 2000. ECO-USA. 1999. "Information excerpted from Toxicological Profile for Diazinon August 1994 Draft Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry United States Public Health Service." Accessed 27 February 2000 at www.eco-usa.net/toxics/diazinon.html. Gowan Company, L.L.C. 2000. "Tupersan® Herbicide." Accessed 9 April 2000 at www.gowanco.com/products/Tupersan.htm. Hagstrom, Jim. 2000. Presonal communication. Savannah Designs. April 4. Hazen, Jennifer. 1997. "State of the Environment Report, Landscaping." Middlebury College Environmental Council. Accessed 22 April 2000 at www.middlebury.edu/%7Eenviroc/. Keniry, Julian. 1995. "Ecodemia: Campus Environmental Stewardship at the Turn of the 21st Century." Washington, D.C.: National Wildlife Federation. Ortho. 2000a. "RosePride® Orthenex® Insect & Disease Control 1, aerosol." Accessed 27 February 2000 at www.ortho.com/content/products/faq/rporthxaerosol.html Ortho. 2000b. "Diazinon UltraTM Insect Spray: FAQ." Accessed 27 February 2000 at www.ortho.com/content/products/faq/diazultr.html#1 Rajotte, E. G. 1993. "From profitability to food safety and the environment: Shifting the objectives of IPM." Plant Disease 77(3): 296-299. Sustainable Resources Center Urban Lands Program. "Sustainable Lawn Care Fact Sheet #1: Lawn Care." Sustainable Resources Center, 1916 Second Ave. S., Minneapolis, MN 55403. The Green Club, Tulane University. 2000 "Procurement: Pesticide, Herbicide, and Fungicide, Buying Practices." Accessed 9 April 2000 at www.tulane.edu/ ~greenclb/audit/PROCUREM.html. Whitelaw, Mark. 1997. "Enviro-Gardening Alternatives." Accessed 24 April 2000 at Markw.com/diazinon.htm.
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