Macalester Courses
Geology Department
Macalester College
 

Fall 2003

 

Instructor: Karl Wirth

 

Class Meetings: MWF 2:20 - 4:20 pm

Office: Olin/Rice 113

 

 

Phone: 651-696-6449

 

 

E-mail: wirth@macalester.edu

 

 

 

Objectives & Format

Texts & Materials

Assessment

Schedule

Links

Objectives & Format

The Mineralogy course introduces students to the composition and structure of minerals, the basic building blocks of the Earth. Once you know how to “read” them, minerals can provide information about the origin and evolution of rocks and the Earth. The primary objective of this course is to help you learn how to read these clues!

Specifically, by the end of this course you will:

  1. be familiar with the physical properties of minerals
  2. will recognize common minerals and will be able to identify others
  3. understand the relationships between internal (composition and structure) and external properties of minerals
  4. be familiar with the equipment (spectrograph, optical microscope, x-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscope), methods, and literature used to study minerals
  5. be introduced to the physical conditions that affect the stability and occurrence of minerals
  6. know how to use the interaction of light with solid materials to study minerals
  7. know how to utilize the interaction of x-rays with crystalline materials to study minerals
  8. have the research skills necessary to investigate minerals and rocks
  9. recognize elements of symmetry and have improved 3D visualization skills
  10. be able to interpret the broader significance of mineral compositions and structures

The course is designed to have a studio format. In other words, lecture and laboratory are not separate. The class meets in three two-hour blocks to provide maximum flexibility for moving between hands-on, group activities, and lecture. In general, whenever possible we will try to learn by “doing” rather than by more traditional lecture. Therefore, it is essential that you come prepared to class. This means that you must do the assigned readings before class in order to effectively benefit and contribute to the classroom activities. Many of our activities will also be based on teamwork, and you are encouraged to work closely with others in the course throughout the semester. However, it is important that you make sure each team member has full ownership and understanding of the course materials.

Texts & Materials

Required Text:

 

 

 

Neese
(2000)
  Introduction to Minerals

 

 

 

Additional References:

 

 

Allègre

(1992)

 

From Stone to Star

Deer, Howie & Zussman

(1992)

 

An Introduction to the Rock Forming Minerals (2nd)

Ehlers

(1987)

 

Optical Mineralogy - V. I. Theory and Technique

Zoltai and Stout

(1984)

 

Mineralogy: Concepts and Principles

Blackburn and Dennen

(1988)

 

Principles of Mineralogy

Klein

(2002)

 

Mineral Science - After James D. Dana (22nd edition)

Klein

(1989)

 

Minerals and Rocks - Exercises in Crystallography, Mineralogy, and Hand Specimen Petrology

Mason and Berry

(1968)

 

Elements of Mineralogy

Frye

(1974)

 

Modern Mineralogy

Phillips and Griffen

(1981)

 

Optical Mineralogy - The Nonopaque Minerals

Mineralogical Society

 

 

Reviews in Mineralogy

MacKenzie and Guilford

(1980)

 

Atlas of Rock-Forming Minerals in Thin Section

Carmichael

(1989)

 

CRC Practical Handbook of Physical Properties of Rocks and Minerals

Stoiber and Morse

(1972)

 

Microscopic Identification of Crystals

Bloss

(1961)

 

An Introduction to the Methods of Optical Crystallography

Bloss

(1971)

 

Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry

Neese

(1991)

 

Introduction to Optical Mineralogy (2nd edition)

Wood

(1977)

 

Crystals and Light - An Introduction to Optical Crystallography

Cullity

(1978)

 

Elements of X-Ray Diffraction

Greenwood and Earnshaw

(1984)

 

Chemistry of the Elements

Cox

(1989)

 

The Elements

 

 
Recommended Supplies:
Hand lens (10x)

Colored pencils (red, blue, and yellow)

Assessment

How to Succeed in this Course
This course is designed so that readings, lectures, and laboratory exercises reinforce each other. If you give it your honest effort (i.e., attend class, lab and field trips; do all the assigned readings before class; take notes and ask questions in class; complete all of the laboratory exercises; re-read your notes and the assignments after class/lab; and seek assistance whenever you have questions) it is highly probable that you will receive a letter grade of at least a B+. Trust me! As always, you also have the option of ignoring all of the above and going for the "Squash Challenge" (challenge me to a match on the squash court). However, you should be warned that no one has ever attempted this option before!

Category
Percentage
Laboratory Exercises
40
Classroom/Field Trip Participation
10
Oral Presentation & Report
10
Mid-Term Exams
30
Oral Exam
10
TOTAL
100%

Lab Assignments
Laboratory assignments are due in lab the week after they are assigned. I am usually quite understanding if you have other conflicts that week, but you must talk to me before the fact! Late lab assignments will receive a lower grade.


Incompletes
Incompletes are granted only under unusual circumstances. Do not wait until the end of the semester to discuss this with me if you anticipate extraordinary circumstances during the semester.

Schedule (click here to download a copy of the schedule in PDF format) - revised 09/10/03

Wk

Date

Topic

Reading

Activity

1
09/03
Course Intro and Department Tour
Classification
09/05
Mineral Groups & Physical Properties
3-5; 97-113
 
2
09/08
Symmetry and External Form
6-12
 
09/10
Crystal Systems and Classes
12-19
Unit Cells & Lattices (3)
09/12
Miller Indices & Forms
19-38
Crystal Systems (5)
3
09/15
Projection
175-180
Miller Indices (4)
09/17
Native Elements
397-404
Packing & Spaces (1, 2)
09/19
Origin and Composition of Earth
 
4
09/22
Crystal Chemistry and Bonding
39-53
Unit Cells
09/24
Packing and Lattices
53-73
Native Elements
09/26
Sulfides
378-386
 
5
09/29
Oxides & Hydroxides
356-377
Introduction to Optics
10/01
Light & Color in Minerals
74-75
Sulfides
10/03
Optical Properties of Matter
114-121
 
6
10/06
Isotropic Minerals
121-130
Isotropic Minerals
10/08
Mid-Term Exam I
Oxides
10/10
Uniaxial Minerals
151-156
 
7
10/13
Uniaxial Minerals
131-136
Uniaxial Minerals
10/15
Uniaxial Minerals
136-143
Oxides + Halides
10/17
Biaxial Minerals
143-151
 
8
10/20
Biaxial Minerals
156-159
Biaxial Minerals
10/22
Biaxial Minerals and Review
Carbonates et al.
10/24
Break
 
9
10/27
X-Ray Diffraction
160-168
X-Ray Diffraction
10/29
X-Ray Diffraction
Nesosilicates
10/31
Mid-Term Exam II
169-174
 
10
11/03
Silicates - Nesosilicates
183-200
X-Ray Diffraction/Petrog.
11/05
Nesosilicates
306-325
Inosilicates
11/07
Sorosilicates & Cyclosilicates
291-305
 
11
11/10
Inosilicates
261-277
SEM-EDS Analysis
11/12
Inosilicates
277-290
Sorosilicates & Cyclosilicates
11/14
Phyllosilicates
234-252
 
12
11/17
Phyllosilicates
252-260
Mineral Project
11/19
Tectosilicates - Silica Polymorphs
201-208
Phyllosilicates
11/21
Tectosilicates - Feldspars
208-225
 
13
11/24
Tectosilicates - Feldspars
Mineral Project
11/26
Tectosilicates - Feldspathoids
225-234
Tectosilicates
11/28
Thanksgiving
 
14
12/01
Halides
Mineral Project
12/03
Carbonates
326--340
 
12/05
Nitrates, Borates, Sulfates
340-346
 
15
12/08
Chromates, Tungstates, Molybdates
346-355
 
12/10
Phosphates, Arsenates, and Vanadates
 
12/12
Sonju Lake Intrusion Conference
Mineral Project Presentations
16
12/15
Mid-Term Exam III
 

Links

Course Materials

Download a Mineral Unknown Report Form in PDF format

Download a Grain Immersion Report Form in PDF format

Download a Geologic Map of the North Shore Region in jpg format
Download a Geologic Map of the Sonju Lake Intrusion in jpg format
Download a Lithostratigraphic Column of the Sonju Lake Intrusion (jpg)

Mineral Databases

WebMineral - an excellent resource for everything about minerals
Athena Mineralogy - comprehensive searchable database of mineral info
Mineral Structures Data Base - 3D models of mineral structures
Mindat.org - a large collection of images and a searchable database

Chemical Databases

Web Elements - a periodic table with lots of useful data
Visual Elements Periodic Table - 3D visualizations of the periodic table
Atomic Radii Tables
Isotope Explorer - information about isotopes

Mineral Photo Galleries

Amethyst Galleries - a collection of photographs of minerals
North Carolina Atlas of Rocks and Minerals in Thin Section
Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History - photo galleries

Other

Mineral Spectroscopy - spectra and information about color of minerals
USGS Digital Spectral Library
Minerals Under the Microscope from University of Bristol
Links to Mineralogy Courses at the University of Minnesota - Duluth
Todd Dunn's Mineralogy Course and HTML Mineral Calculators