Psychology 488-01 (Senior Seminar)/WGSS 405-1

Lives in Context:  Psychology and Social Structure

Fall 2007

 

Professor:    Joan Ostrove

                     Olin-Rice 325

                     696-6464

                     ostrove@macalester.edu

                     http://www.macalester.edu/~ostrove/

Office hours:  Wednesdays, 1 – 4 p.m.,

                        and by appointment

 

 

Course overview:

 

This seminar will explore the relationship between individual lives and broad social systems.  We will read theory, research, and case material from psychology as well as other disciplines about the individual and interpersonal implications of social organization/social structure (in the domains of gender, social class, race, physical ability, sexuality, etc.).  We will explore the ways in which oppressive messages and experiences (based in sexism, racism, classism, homophobia, etc.) are experienced and sometimes internalized by individual members of particular social groups, thereby shaping our “personalities” and influencing our psychological perceptions and expectations about the world and about other people. 

In addition to the above, this course will also allow us to think about HOW best to study and understand the relationship between individual lives and social structure.  How can we really understand lives in their myriad contexts?  What’s the best strategy for doing this?  Is it even possible?  What are some of the methodological, conceptual, and ethical dilemmas and challenges involved in such an undertaking?  Because feminist psychologists have played a critical role in shaping methodology and research in these areas, we will read a considerable amount of work by feminist psychologists and other feminist academics.

Although these are some of the ideas that have formed the basis for how I’ve thought about and organized the class, there is an opportunity in the structure of a seminar for the class to evolve in a variety of different ways over the course of the semester.  The topic for the course is huge – we could spend an entire semester on one aspect of social structure and not read or think about everything there is to read or think about!  And, of course, you’ll notice plenty of things that are left out of the course that you (and probably I!) might wish were there.  In keeping with the department’s goal that senior seminars include substantial student-generated ideas for course content, and in order to give you a chance to expand on an area of the class that you find particularly interesting – or to introduce an area that the class doesn’t cover – you’ll sign up in pairs to lead one of the classes during the semester.  We’ll spend more time figuring out the logistics of how this will work during the first couple of classes.  In general, though, you will work with me and your partner to develop a topic, will do some research on that topic and will find a research article that you will assign to the rest of us, and will lead class on the day for which you sign up. 

 

Requirements:

 

            It is your primary responsibility to come to class prepared, having read and thought about the readings for the day.  Participation may mean a lot of different things – sharing your ideas and thoughts; listening well to others’ ideas; asking questions; connecting the course material to issues in your life or the lives of other people you know, and/or to issues on campus and in the world, etc. 

In addition, the course has the following requirements:

 

·        Essays – There will be two somewhat informal, personal essays, and one more formal, midterm essay due during the semester.  The more informal essays will be a chance for you to reflect – at the beginning and at the end of the semester – on the social contexts that you think have most influenced your own life (especially on why and how they’ve influenced you).   You may pick one dimension of social structure (e.g., gender, class, race, etc.) and explore how you think it has affected you, or you may focus on more than one dimension.  If you’d prefer not to write about yourself, you may choose another person whom you know well, but I encourage you to use this as an opportunity to understand the ways in which learning is about personal as well as intellectual transformation.  This essay should be about 3-5 pages in length and despite the title “informal” should be well-written and contain no grammatical or typographical errors.  The formal midterm essay question(s) will be available later in the term and will be a chance for you to integrate the course material and to think “on paper” about what we’ve been learning and thinking about in class.

 

·        Leading class – This is an opportunity for you to work with one other person in class to prepare and lead one section of the class.  The “slots” for student-led classes are listed in the syllabus and are at the end of the semester.  By that time, we’ll have read and talked about some theoretical frameworks for understanding the relationship between individual psychology and aspects of the social structure, and will have read many examples of how psychologists have actually gone about studying this relationship.  We will talk more about this and about how to pick an effective topic during the semester.  You will need to hand in a proposal for your presentation, and will meet with me after you hand in the proposal and again right before you lead class.  You will be responsible for picking an article to assign to the rest of the class.  You’ll need to get copies of the research article to each of the rest of us (or put it on electronic reserve in the library 10 days in advance) so that we can read the article in time for your class section. 

 

·        Applying the principles – I would like each of you to engage in some activity over the course of the semester that allows you to apply the concepts of “psychology and social structure” and “lives in context” in settings beyond the classroom and, possibly, beyond what you would already encounter in your life.  You have a choice about exactly how to do this, and will write up your reflections/analysis of the experience toward the end of the semester.  Possibilities for applying the principles include:  joining one of the “identity collectives” sponsored by the Lealtad-Suzuki Center (you would have to join the one that is most relevant to your own identity); attending all of the “Soup and Substance” sessions run by the Lealtad-Suzuki Center; work with a community organization that will afford you an ongoing opportunity to see people’s lives in structural contexts that you may not regularly encounter (and also the ways in which people work to eliminate the effects of structurally-based oppressions; e.g., a soup kitchen, an AIDS organization, a women’s organization, etc.).  Your written analysis of this experience should use concepts from at least three different readings.  A more detailed description of this assignment will be available later in the semester.

 

·        A final paper/project will be due Monday, December 17th, by 5 p.m.  I want this to be an opportunity for you to explore in depth an issue that you are interested in, and I want to provide you with a variety of possible formats in which to do this.  We’ll talk about this more as the semester goes on, but a couple of possibilities include:  1) An interview project.  This would be a chance to explore one particular “life in context” by interviewing someone whose life you think is interesting, and providing an analysis of the ways in which various aspects of the social structure have had an influence on his or her “psychology;”  2)  An archival case study.  This would be similar to the interview project, but would be about someone to whom you do not have direct access for an interview but about whom you can collect other information (biographies, autobiographies, etc.) that would be sufficient for writing about their life from the perspective of how their social structural position(s) influenced them as people;  3)  A literature review.  Perhaps you are interested in how social class influences personality.  You could review the psychological (and perhaps sociological) literature on this topic and provide a critical summary of the findings, including your assessment of both the strengths of particular pieces of research as well as your suggestions for future work in this area.

 

Assignment

Percentage of final grade

   Participation

10%

   Personal essay 1

5%

   Personal essay 2

10%

   Midterm essay

25%

   [Leading class proposal

Subtract 2 pts from leading class grade if not turned in]

   Leading class

10%

   Applying the principles analysis

10%

   [Final proposal

Subtract 5 points from final project grade if not turned in]

   Final project

30%

 

Course policies:

·        Academic integrity:  I expect all of you to follow the college’s guidelines regarding academic integrity, outlined in the Student Handbook.  Please talk to me if you are not clear how these guidelines apply to the course.  I will report any suspicion of academic dishonesty to the Dean of Academic Programs.  Academic dishonesty usually results in at least a failing grade on the assignment, and a second instance of dishonesty may result in a failing grade in the course.

·        Late work:  You may not receive extensions on work in the class, except in the most extraordinary circumstances (in which case you will need documentation from the Dean of Students Office or Health Services).  Work that is turned in late for any other reason will have a third of a grade taken off for each day that it is late (e.g., a B+ would become a B if you hand in an essay or your final paper any time after the exact time that it is due – the “day late” begins immediately after the time the assignment is due).

·        Incompletes:  I will only grant incompletes under extraordinary circumstances that occur in the second part of the semester.  This will not include being really busy at the end of the semester.

·        Written assignments:  Please type, double-spaced with 12-point font, all of your written assignments for this course.  Please do not use margins that are larger than 1 inch – all around.  Don’t use smaller margins, or smaller font, either – length is not necessarily strength!

·        Grades:  Grading policies are explained on the last page of the syllabus.

·        Accommodations for students with disabilities:  I will provide any reasonable accommodation for students with disabilities that will assist in making this course accessible and will provide an optimal educational experience for everyone. Please speak to me at the beginning of the semester so that we can make an effective plan.  Assistant Dean of Students Irene Kao is responsible for Disability Services and is an excellent resource.

 

READINGS:

 

The following books are available at the college bookstore:

  • Cross, June (2006).  Secret daughter: A mixed-race daughter and the mother who gave her away .  NY:  Viking.
  • Walker, Lou Ann (1986).  A loss for words:  The story of deafness in a family.  NY: Harper & Row.

 

Articles are available electronically through the library site (E) or through the psychology department (P).  For articles that are available full-text online, go to our syllabus on my website, and click on the journal title for the appropriate reading.  This should get you very close to the full-text version of the article, you’ll just need to enter the year, and volume and page numbers.

 

CLASS SCHEDULE:

NOTE:  Readings must be completed for the day they are listed

 

Thurs, Sept 6 – Introduction to the course and each other

 

Part I:  UNDERSTANDING the relationship between psychology and social structure:  examples, theories, examples…

 

Tues, Sept 11 – First example:  Social class (and race… and gender… and…)

  • Maher, F. A. (1999).  Coming out.  In C. Zmroczek & P. Mahony (Eds).  Women and social class:  International feminist perspectives (pp. 115-131).   London:  UCL Press. (P)
  • Reay, D. (2004).  “Mostly roughs and toughs”:  Social class, race, and representation in inner city schooling.  Sociology, 38, 1005-1023. (P)

 

**Film screening tonight:  “People Like Us”** (Olin-Rice 300)

 

Thurs, Sept 13 – NO CLASS (Rosh Hashanah)

 

Tues, Sept 18 – Theorizing the relationship between social structure and psychology I

  • Kohn, M. L. (1989).  Social structure and personality:  A quintessentially sociological approach to social psychology.  Social Forces, 68, 26-33. (E)
  • Landrine, H. (1998).  Cultural diversity, contextualism, and feminist psychology.  In B. M. Clinchy & J. K. Norem (Eds).  The gender and psychology reader (pp. 78-94).  NY:  NYU Press.  (P)
  • Moane, G. (2003).  Bridging the personal and the political:  Practices for a liberation psychology.  American Journal of Community Psychology, 31, 91-101. (P)

 

*** PERSONAL ESSAY #1 DUE IN CLASS ***

 

Thurs, Sept 20 – Theorizing the relationship between social structure and psychology II

  • Apfelbaum, E. (1979/1999).  Relations of domination and movements for liberation:  An analysis of power between groups (abridged).  Feminism & Psychology, 9,  267-272. (E)
  • Bauman, H.L. (2004).  Audism:  Exploring the metaphysics of oppression.  Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 9, 239-246. (P)
  • Lott, B. (2002).  Cognitive and behavioral distancing from the poor.  American Psychologist, 57, 100-110. (E)

 

Tues, Sept 25 – Social and psychological meanings of gender and sexuality

  • Stewart, A. J., & McDermott, C. (2004).  Gender in psychology.  Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 519-544. (E)
  • Peplau, L.A., & Garnets, L. (2000).  A new paradigm for understanding women’s sexuality and sexual orientation.  Journal of Social Issues, 56, 329-350. (E)
  • Shuttleworth, R. P. (2004).  Disabled masculinity:  Expanding the masculine repertoire.  In B. G. Smith & B. Hutchison (Eds). Gendering disability (pp. 166-178).  New Brunswick, NJ:  Rutgers University Press. (P)

 

Thurs, Sept 27 – Social and psychological meanings of disability

  • Gill, C. J. (2001). The social experience of disability.  In G. L. Albrecht, K. D. Seelman, & M. Bury (Eds.)  Handbook of disability studies (pp. 351-372).  Thousand Oaks, CA:  Sage.  (P)
  • Linton, S. (2006). Chapters 1 and 2 from My body politic:  A memoir.  Ann Arbor, MI:  University of Michigan Press. (P)

 

Tues, Oct 2 – Internalization of and resistance to oppression

  • Russell, G. M. (1996).  Internalized classism:  The role of class in the development of self.  Women & Therapy, 18, 59-71. (P)
  • hooks, b. (1995).  Black beauty and black power:  Internalized racism.  In b. hooks, Killing rage:  Ending racism (pp. 119-132).  NY:  Henry Holt and Company. (P)
  • Russell, G. M., & Bohan, J. S. (2006).  The case of internalized homophobia:  Theory and/as practice.  Theory & Psychology, 16, 343-366. (E)

 

Thurs, Oct 4 – More examples of research on psychology and social structure:  Quantitative examples (and, preparing for your day)

 

Tues, Oct 9 – More examples… a memoir

  • Cross (please read entire book for today)

 

Thurs, Oct 11 –  More examples…case studies

  • Ceballo, R. (1994).  A word and a kindness:  The journey of a Black social worker.  In C. E. Franz & A. J. Stewart (Eds.) Women creating lives: Identities, resilience, resistance (pp. 83-95).  Boulder, CO:  Westview Press. (P)
  • Jones, S. J. (1998).  Subjectivity and class consciousness:  The development of class identity.  Journal of Adult Development, 5, 145-162. (E)

 

PART II:  METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS, STRATEGIES, AND COMPLICATIONS

 

Thurs, Oct 16 – Some strategies for taking account of social structure when doing research

  • Stewart, A. J. (1994).  Toward a feminist strategy for studying women’s lives.  In C. E. Franz & A. J. Stewart (Eds.).  Women creating lives:  Identities, resilience, and resistance (pp. 11-35).  Boulder, CO:  Westview Press. (P)
  • Olkin, R. (1999).  Research on disability:  Shifting the paradigm from pathology to policy.  In R. Olkin, What psychotherapists should know about disability (pp. 308-321).  NY:  Guilford Press. (P)
    • This chapter refers to a disability called “quiggle” which is defined in an earlier chapter.  Because I know you’ll be curious, here’s the deal:  “quiggle” is a term coined by sociologist Erving Goffman (1963) to represent any stigmatized condition.  So, in this case it is a completely made-up, non-existent disability.
  • Harding, S. (1991).  Thinking from the perspective of lesbian lives.  In S. Harding, Whose science?  Whose knowledge?  Thinking from women’s lives (pp. 249-267).  NY:  Cornell University Press. (P)
    • This chapter presupposes a bit of knowledge about “standpoint theory,” which has its origins in the concept of the “proletarian standpoint” (Hegel, Marx, Engels, Lukacs).  The idea is basically that our activities and material lives not only shape us, but put limits on what we can understand – that is, we have a particular perspective or standpoint based on our place in the social structure.  Feminist standpoint theorists relate this to the way that gender structures knowledge, and argue that the standpoint of the “oppressor” group will be “partial and perverse,” that is, incomplete and distorted in potentially systematic ways.  That’s why Harding advocates the idea of “thinking from women’s lives” in her book, and in the chapter I’ve assigned she lays out a strategy for thinking from lesbian lives, regardless of whether or not one claims that particular identity.  Can you imagine ways in which this kind of paradigm could be applied to other social groups?

 

Thurs, Oct 18 – Ethical and personal considerations in studying lives

  • Frank, G. (2000).  Chapters 1 and 6 from Venus on wheels:  Two decades of dialogue on disability, biography, and being female in America.  Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA:  University of California Press. (P)
  • Hornstein, G. A. (1994).  The ethics of ambiguity:  Feminists writing women’s lives.  In C. E. Franz & A. J. Stewart (Eds.).  Women creating lives:  Identities, resilience, and resistance (pp.51-68).  Boulder, CO:  Westview Press. (P)

 

Tues, Oct 23 – More strategies, some challenges

  • Fine, M., et al. (2004).  Participatory Action Research:  From within and beyond prison bars.  In Weis, L., & Fine, M. (2004).  Working method:  Research and social justice (pp. 95-119), NY: Routledge. (P)
  • Pitman, G. E. (2002).  Outsider/insider:  The politics of shifting identities in the research process.  Feminism & Psychology, 12, 282-288. (E)

 

*** MIDTERM ESSAY DUE IN CLASS ***

 

FALL BREAK

 

Tues, Oct 30 – A life in context:  The hearing daughter of deaf parents

  • Walker (please read entire book for today)

 

Thurs, Nov 1 – The context of deafness, continued

Guest:  Laurie Lee Johnson, Ph.D. (Deaf culture and psychology)

(optional for this section of the class:  view the film “Sound and Fury” available in Media Services)

 

** LEADING CLASS PROPOSAL DUE TODAY **

 

Tues, Nov 6 – Relations across social structural differences:  What works, what doesn’t?

  • Plant, E. A., & Devine, P. G. (2003).  The antecedents and implications of interracial anxiety.  Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 790-801.  (E)
  • Sue, D. W., Capodilupo, C. M., Torino, G. C., Bucceri, J. M., Holder, A. M. B., Nadal, K. L., & Esquilin, M. (2007).  Racial microaggressions in everyday life:  Implications for clinical practice.  American Psychologist, 62, 271-286.

 

*** FINAL PROJECT PROPOSAL DUE TODAY ***

 

Thurs, Nov 8 –  Relations across social structural differences, continued

 

Tues, Nov 13:  Student led

Thurs, Nov 15:  Student led

Tues, Nov 20:  Student led

 

*** APPLYING THE PRINCIPLES ANALYSIS PAPER DUE TODAY ***

 

THANKSGIVING BREAK

 

Tues, Nov 27:  Student led

Thurs, Nov 29:  Student led

Tues, Dec 4:  Student led

Thurs, Dec 6:  Student led

 

*** PERSONAL ESSAY #2 DUE IN CLASS ***

 

Tues, Dec 11:  Student led

 

Thurs, Dec 13:  LAST DAY OF CLASS

 

*** FINAL PAPER DUE BY 5 P.M. ON MONDAY, DECEMBER 17TH ***

 


 

Grading Guidelines

 

Below are the guidelines I follow when assigning grades to essays and final papers.  I use plusses and minuses when the work falls in between the qualities associated with each letter grade.  Grades are based both on content and on writing style.  I encourage you to ask for help from me, the MAX Center, or any other reasonable source if you’d like assistance with writing.  Please acknowledge resources you use in a footnote to your paper.

 

“A” grades are assigned to outstanding papers.  These papers reflect a deep engagement with ideas, insightful analysis, and excellent mastery of the material from the course.  Argumentation is logical and coherent, as well as well-documented.  The paper addresses all aspects of the assignment fully and clearly.  Finally, these “A” papers are well-written with respect to style and grammar.

 

“B” grades are assigned to papers that demonstrate good understanding of the material, are coherently written, and that contain some insightful ideas.  Sometimes “B” papers contain some really good ideas, but do not put things together as elegantly as they could.  Other times all of the aspects of the assignment are there, but the ideas are not particularly innovative.

 

“C” grades are given to papers that do not adequately cover the assignment, demonstrate that the material was not fully understood, and/or have problems with writing style.  Sometimes “C” papers have some really good parts, mixed in with some parts that seem like they were not well-thought out.  Papers with consistent grammatical or stylistic problems may receive a “C.”

 

“D” grades are assigned to papers/essays that have serious problems – parts of the assignment are totally missing or are really incomplete, the writing is full of errors, the material was seriously misunderstood. 

 

“NC” grades are hardly ever given if a student has put even some work into the paper/essay.  However, if the content is totally irrelevant, or the writing is such that it is simply impossible for me to follow the arguments, then I would assign a failing grade.