Spring 2027 General Education Requirements Approved Sections
Contact
Registrar77 Macalester Street, Room 101
651-696-6200
651-696-6600 (fax)
registrar@macalester.edu
Internationalism | Quantitative Thinking | U.S. Identities and Differences | Writing |
Internationalism
Students must take at least one course devoted to the study and analysis of social, cultural, scientific, aesthetic or ethical questions that arise through transnational or international encounters, systems, economies, processes, or dynamics. Courses listed as Internationalism OR U.S. Identities and Difference will only count for one designation and not both.
|
AMST 288-01
INTL 288-01 JAPA 288-01 |
Identity, Race, and Ethnicity in Japan (Arthur Mitchell) |
| ANTH 101-01 | General Anthropology (Ron Barrett) |
| ANTH 111-01 | Cultural Anthropology (Hilary Chart)
Counts for either Internationalism or U.S. Identities and Difference but not both. |
| ANTH 263-01 | Things with Feathers: Birds in Science, Culture and Myth (Arjun Guneratne) |
| ANTH 294-01 | Museum Anthropology (Olga González) |
| ART 161-01 | Introduction to Art History II: From Renaissance to Modern (Joanna Inglot) |
|
ART 273-01
ASIA 273-01 |
Art of Japan (Kari Shepherdson-Scott) |
| ART 281-01 | Art and Architecture of Ancient Western Asia (Serdar Yalçin) |
| ART 284-01 | Art and Architecture of Byzantium and Medieval Europe (Serdar Yalçin) |
|
ART 350-01
ASIA 350-01 |
The Body and Identity in Later Chinese Art (Kari Shepherdson-Scott) |
| ASIA 111-01 | Introduction to Asian Studies (Rivi Handler-Spitz) |
|
ASIA 236-01
CLAS 202-01 LING 236-01 RELI 236-01 |
Sanskrit and Classical Religion in India (James Laine) |
|
ASIA 251-01
CHIN 251-01 EDUC 251-01 |
Cramming for the Exam: Education in Chinese Literature and History (Rivi Handler-Spitz) |
|
ASIA 294-01
ENVI 294-01 HIST 294-02 |
America's Global Footprint (Tom Robertson) |
|
ASIA 352-01
CHIN 352-01 |
Translating Chinese (Xin Yang) |
|
BIOL 485-01
ENVI 485-01 |
Wildlife Conservation in the Anthropocene: An International Perspective (Stotra Chakrabarti) |
|
CLAS 122-01
HIST 122-01 |
The Roman World (Andrew Overman) |
| ENGL 125-01 | International Women's Writing 500-1500 CE (Coral Lumbley) |
| ENGL 210-01 | Film Studies: Literary Adaptations (Matt Burgess) |
| ENGL 319-01 | Disability Studies (Penelope Geng)
Counts for either Internationalism or U.S. Identities and Difference but not both. |
|
ENVI 294-03
LATI 294-02 |
Unlearning from the Andes to the Amazon: Community Based Power, Culture, and Sustainability (Megan Butler) |
|
ENVI 375-01
GEOG 375-01 |
Rural Landscapes and Livelihoods (Holly Barcus)
Counts for either Internationalism or U.S. Identities and Difference but not both. |
| FREN 204-01 | Text, Film and Media (Andrew Billing) |
| FREN 204-02 | Text, Film and Media (Juliette Rogers) |
| FREN 305-01 | Advanced Expression: Communication Tools (Claude Cassagne) |
| FREN 306-01 | Introduction to Literary Analysis: Outsiders in French and Francophone Literature (Andrew Billing) |
| GEOG 113-01 | Geography, Environment, and Society: Global Processes and World Regions (William Moseley) |
| GEOG 248-01 | The Political Geography of Nations and Nationalism (Daniel Trudeau) |
| GEOG 261-01 | World Urbanization (I-Chun Catherine Chang) |
| GEOG 284-01 | Sports Geography (Eric Carter) |
| GEOG 363-01 | Geography of Development and Underdevelopment (William Moseley) |
|
GERM 278-01
MCST 278-01 POLI 278-01 RELI 278-01 |
Marx, Religion, and Biopolitical Race (Kiarina Kordela) |
| GERM 309-01 | Culture and the Capital: Urban Experience in Berlin and Vienna (Ross Shields) |
|
GERM 366-01
MCST 266-01 |
Cinema Studies (Kiarina Kordela) |
| HIST 258-01 | Postwar Europe (Jess Pearson) |
| HIST 320-01 | Decolonization (Jess Pearson) |
| INTL 114-01 | Intro to International Studies: International Codes of Conduct (James von Geldern) |
|
INTL 202-01
MCST 202-01 |
Global Media Industries (Michael Griffin) |
| INTL 246-01 | Global Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health (Vanessa Voller) |
|
INTL 280-01
SOCI 280-01 |
Indigenous Peoples' Movements in Global Context (Erik Larson) |
| INTL 282-01 | Introduction to International Public Health (Vanessa Voller) |
|
INTL 285-01
POLI 285-01 |
Ethnicity and Nationalism in Central and Eastern Europe (Nadya Nedelsky) |
|
INTL 320-01
POLI 320-01 |
Global Political Economy (Sheharyar Imran) |
| INTL 352-01 | Transitional Justice (Nadya Nedelsky) |
| INTL 485-01 | Senior Seminar: Confronting Global Hatred (Nadya Nedelsky) |
|
JAPA 488-01
LING 488-01 |
Translating Japanese Literature: Theory and Practice (Arthur Mitchell) |
|
LATI 307-01
SPAN 307-01 |
Introduction to the Analysis of Hispanic Texts (Toni Dorca) |
|
POLI 140-01
POLI 140-02 |
Foundations of Comparative Politics (Paul Dosh) |
| POLI 225-01 | The Politics of Migration Control (Wendy Weber) |
| POLI 323-01 | Humanitarianism in World Politics (Wendy Weber) |
| RELI 100-01 | Introduction to Islam: Formation and Expansion (Ahoo Najafian) |
| RUSS 252-01 | Revolution, Repression, and Resistance: Soviet and Post-Soviet Literature and Culture (Julia Chadaga) |
| SPAN 305-01 | Advanced Oral and Written Expression (Claudia Giannini) |
| SPAN 305-02 | Advanced Oral and Written Expression (Rosa Rull-Montoya) |
Quantitative Thinking
Students must take one or more courses with a Q3, Q2, or Q1 designation. A single Q3 course completely satisfies the requirement; alternatively, a Q2 course together with another Q2 or Q1 course, or three Q1 courses, can meet the requirement.
Q1
|
BIOL 200-01
BIOL 200-02 |
Cell Biology (Phillip Rivera) |
| BIOL 200-03 | Cell Biology (Linda Jeanguenin) |
| BIOL 312-01 | Microbiology (Ruth Isenberg) |
| BIOL 312-L1 | Microbiology Lab (Ruth Isenberg) |
| CHEM 312-01 | Quantum Chemistry and Spectroscopy (Thomas Varberg) |
|
EDUC 220-01
PSYC 220-01 |
Educational Psychology (Cristina Silva Gleason) |
| GEOL 101-01 | Dinosaurs (Kristina Curry Rogers) |
| LING 205-01 | Phonology (Christina Esposito) |
|
MATH 135-01
MATH 135-02 MATH 135-03 |
Applied Multivariable Calculus I (Kristin Heysse) |
|
MATH 137-01
MATH 137-02 |
Applied Multivariable Calculus II (William Grodzicki) |
| MATH 236-01 | Linear Algebra (Yariana Diaz) |
|
MATH 236-02
MATH 236-03 |
Linear Algebra (Curtis Balz) |
| MATH 237-01 | Applied Multivariable Calculus III (William Grodzicki) |
| MATH 279-01 | Discrete Mathematics (Andrew Beveridge) |
| MATH 279-02 | Discrete Mathematics (Dave Ehren) |
|
PHIL 111-01
PHIL 111-02 |
Introduction to Symbolic Logic (Bixin Guo) |
| PHYS 348-01 | Laboratory Instrumentation (James Doyle) |
|
PSYC 100-01
PSYC 100-02 |
Introduction to Psychology (Keira Leneman) |
| PSYC 244-01 | Cognitive Neuroscience (Darcy Burgund) |
| THDA 125-01 | Technologies of Performance (Thomas Barrett) |
| THDA 255-01 | Lighting Design (Kathy Maxwell) |
Q2
| BIOL 180-01 | Biodiversity and Evolution (Sarah Boyer) |
| BIOL 180-02 | Biodiversity and Evolution (Kristina Curry Rogers) |
| BIOL 190-01 | Genetics (Ruth Isenberg) |
| BIOL 190-02 | Genetics (Mary Montgomery) |
| BIOL 190-03 | Genetics (Robin Shields-Cutler) |
| CHEM 112-01 | General Chemistry II: Energetics and Reactivity (Kathryn Splan) |
|
CHEM 112-02
CHEM 112-03 CHEM 112-04 |
General Chemistry II: Energetics and Reactivity (STAFF) |
| CHEM 222-01 | Analytical Chemistry (Keith Kuwata) |
| CHEM 222-L3 | Analytical Chemistry Lab (Keith Kuwata) |
|
COMP 112-01
COMP 112-02 STAT 112-01 STAT 112-02 |
Introduction to Data Science (Susan Fox) |
|
COMP 112-03
STAT 112-03 |
Introduction to Data Science (Lauren Milne) |
| GEOG 225-01 | Introduction to Geographic Information Systems (Holly Barcus) |
| GEOG 365-01 | Urban GIS (Laura Smith) |
| GEOL 105-01 | Geohazards (Alan Chapman) |
| PSYC 242-01 | Cognitive Psychology (Erika DeAngelis) |
| PSYC 301-01 | Research in Psychology II (Cari Gillen-O'Neel) |
| PSYC 301-02 | Research in Psychology II (Steve Guglielmo) |
|
PSYC 401-01
PSYC 401-02 PSYC 401-03 PSYC 401-04 |
Directed Research in Psychology (Guglielmo, Leneman, Ostrove, Vieth) |
Q3
|
BIOL 170-01
BIOL 170-02 ENVI 170-01 ENVI 170-02 |
Ecology and the Environment (Mary Heskel) |
|
ECON 119-01
ECON 119-02 |
Principles of Economics (Mario Solis-Garcia) |
| ECON 119-03 | Principles of Economics (Alexander Von Hafften) |
|
ECON 361-01
ECON 361-02 |
Intermediate Microeconomic Analysis (Mark Drozd) |
| ECON 421-01 | International Trade and Multinational Corporations (Felix Friedt) |
| ECON 422-01 | International Trade and Multinational Corporations Capstone (Felix Friedt) |
|
ENVI 352-01
GEOG 352-01 |
Remote Sensing of the Environment (Xavier Haro-Carrión) |
| GEOG 278-01 | Statistical Research Methods in Geography (Laura Smith) |
| INTD 225-01 | Epidemiology (Elisabeth Figueroa) |
| PHYS 227-01 | Principles of Physics II (Michelle Milne) |
| PHYS 227-02 | Principles of Physics II (James Heyman) |
| POLI 269-01 | Empirical Research Methods (Lisa Mueller) |
| PSYC 201-01 | Research in Psychology I (Violet Brown) |
| SOCI 269-01 | Social Science Inquiry (Christina Hughes) |
|
STAT 155-01
STAT 155-02 STAT 155-03 |
Introduction to Statistical Modeling (Brianna Heggeseth) |
| STAT 155-04 | Introduction to Statistical Modeling (Abby Loe) |
| STAT 155-05 | Introduction to Statistical Modeling (Alex Knutson) |
U.S. Identities and Differences
Students must take at least one course devoted to the study of forms or forces that create, reflect, maintain, or contest identities of, and differences amongst, U.S. social groups (based in, for example, race, class, ethnicity, gender, language, nation, dis/ability, religion, sexuality). Courses listed as Internationalism OR U.S. Identities and Difference will only count for one designation and not both.
|
AMST 113-01
ENGL 113-01 |
Introduction to Asian American Literature (Michael Prior) |
| AMST 200-01 | Critical Methods for American Studies Research (Karin Aguilar-San Juan) |
|
AMST 205-01
WGSS 205-01 |
Trans Theories and Politics (Myrl Beam) |
|
AMST 229-01
HIST 229-01 WGSS 229-01 |
Narrating Black Women's Resistance (Walter Greason) |
|
AMST 237-01
ENVI 237-01 |
Environmental Justice (Christie Manning) |
|
AMST 240-01
EDUC 240-01 |
Race, Culture, and Ethnicity in Education (Brian Lozenski) |
|
AMST 241-01
ASIA 241-01 RELI 241-01 |
Reclaiming Zen, Yoga and Church: Asian American Religions (Jake Nagasawa) |
|
AMST 268-01
ENVI 268-01 |
American Culture in the Atomic Age (Kirisitina Sailiata) |
|
AMST 281-01
ASIA 283-01 MCST 281-01 |
Bruce Lee, His Life and Legacy (Karin Aguilar-San Juan) |
|
AMST 294-02
RUSS 294-01 |
Once We Arrived: Stories of Immigrants' First Jobs (Julia Chadaga) |
|
AMST 294-03
ART 294-01 WGSS 294-04 |
Decolonizing American Art: Artists, Museums, and Power (Joanna Inglot) |
|
AMST 308-01
LATI 308-01 SPAN 308-01 |
Introduction to U.S. Latinx Studies (Alicia Muñoz) |
|
AMST 341-01
GEOG 341-01 |
Social Justice and the City: Segregation, Integration, and Gentrification (Daniel Trudeau) |
| ANTH 111-01 | Cultural Anthropology (Hilary Chart)
Counts for either Internationalism or U.S. Identities and Difference but not both. |
|
ECON 233-01
ECON 233-02 |
Health Economics (Jessica Kiser) |
| EDUC 260-01 | Critical Issues in Urban Education (Brian Lozenski) |
| EDUC 312-01 | Making Americans: The History of U.S Schooling (Gonzalo Guzmán) |
| ENGL 105-01 | LGBTQ2S + Literature in America (Rachel Gold) |
| ENGL 208-01 | Literary Publishing (STAFF) |
| ENGL 294-02 | Afrofuturism (Daylanne English) |
| ENGL 319-01 | Disability Studies (Penelope Geng)
Counts for either Internationalism or U.S. Identities and Difference but not both. |
|
ENVI 234-01
HIST 234-01 |
U.S. Environmental History (Tom Robertson) |
|
ENVI 375-01
GEOG 375-01 |
Rural Landscapes and Livelihoods (Holly Barcus)
Counts for either Internationalism or U.S. Identities and Difference but not both. |
| HIST 222-01 | Imagining the American West (Katrina Phillips) |
| HIST 226-01 | American Indian History since 1871 (Katrina Phillips) |
|
LATI 294-01
SOCI 220-01 |
Sociology of Race/Ethnicity (Erika Busse-Cárdenas) |
|
MCST 128-01
MCST 128-02 |
Film Analysis/Visual Culture (Brad Stiffler) |
| POLI 204-01 | US City and Metro Politics (Lesley Lavery) |
| PSYC 350-01 | Race in Developing Lives (Cari Gillen-O'Neel) |
| PSYC 368-01 | Psychology of/and Disability (Joan Ostrove) |
| RELI 238-01 | Catholics: Culture, Identity, Politics (James Laine) |
Writing
Macalester seeks to ensure that all students receive instruction in writing that gives attention to writing as a process (writing is rewriting), and that provides students individually with feedback on the mechanics and substance of their writing. Courses will be classified as teaching argumentative writing (WA), as providing instruction in writing as craft (WC) or as offering significant practice in writing (WP). All students must successfully complete at least three Writing courses. Of the three courses, at least one must be WA and no more than one may be WP. Every student must take either a WA or WC course during the first semester of college, a requirement which may be met by a designated WA or WC First Year course.
WA
|
AMST 113-01
ENGL 113-01 |
Introduction to Asian American Literature (Michael Prior) |
| AMST 200-01 | Critical Methods for American Studies Research (Karin Aguilar-San Juan) |
|
AMST 205-01
WGSS 205-01 |
Trans Theories and Politics (Myrl Beam) |
|
AMST 229-01
HIST 229-01 WGSS 229-01 |
Narrating Black Women's Resistance (Walter Greason) |
|
AMST 288-01
INTL 288-01 JAPA 288-01 |
Identity, Race, and Ethnicity in Japan (Arthur Mitchell) |
| ANTH 230-01 | Ethnographic Interviewing (Arjun Guneratne) |
| ANTH 263-01 | Things with Feathers: Birds in Science, Culture and Myth (Arjun Guneratne) |
|
ANTH 311-01
RELI 311-01 |
Ritual (Erik Davis) |
|
ART 350-01
ASIA 350-01 |
The Body and Identity in Later Chinese Art (Kari Shepherdson-Scott) |
| ART 487-01 | Art History Methodology Seminar (Joanna Inglot) |
|
ASIA 294-01
ENVI 294-01 HIST 294-02 |
America's Global Footprint (Tom Robertson) |
| BIOL 312-01 | Microbiology (Ruth Isenberg) |
| BIOL 312-L1 | Microbiology Lab (Ruth Isenberg) |
| BIOL 401-01 | Mechanisms of Memory (Michelle Tianyi Tong) |
|
CLAS 200-01
PHIL 200-01 |
Ancient and Medieval Philosophy (Geoffrey Gorham) |
| ECON 381-01 | Introduction to Econometrics (Felix Friedt) |
| ECON 381-02 | Introduction to Econometrics (Amy Damon) |
| ECON 431-01 | Economics of Public Policy (Sarah West) |
| ECON 432-01 | Economics of Public Policy Capstone (Sarah West) |
| EDUC 312-01 | Making Americans: The History of U.S Schooling (Gonzalo Guzmán) |
| ENGL 125-01 | International Women's Writing 500-1500 CE (Coral Lumbley) |
| ENGL 294-01 | Ecstasy and Apocalypse: Literature of the Extreme (Daylanne English) |
| ENGL 294-02 | Afrofuturism (Daylanne English) |
| ENGL 319-01 | Disability Studies (Penelope Geng) |
| ENGL 335-01 | Topics in Victorian Studies: Food, Photography, and Fabric (Andrea Kaston Tange) |
| ENVI 238-01 | Food Justice and Sustainability (Mindy Price) |
| ENVI 280-01 | Environmental Classics (Christie Manning) |
|
ENVI 375-01
GEOG 375-01 |
Rural Landscapes and Livelihoods (Holly Barcus) |
| FREN 306-01 | Introduction to Literary Analysis: Outsiders in French and Francophone Literature (Andrew Billing) |
| GEOG 248-01 | The Political Geography of Nations and Nationalism (Daniel Trudeau) |
| GEOG 363-01 | Geography of Development and Underdevelopment (William Moseley) |
| GEOG 476-01 | Transportation Geography Sem (Laura Smith) |
| GERM 309-01 | Culture and the Capital: Urban Experience in Berlin and Vienna (Ross Shields) |
| HIST 194-01 | Disasters in World History (Karin Vélez) |
| HIST 222-01 | Imagining the American West (Katrina Phillips) |
| HIST 226-01 | American Indian History since 1871 (Katrina Phillips) |
| HIST 320-01 | Decolonization (Jess Pearson) |
| INTD 101-01 | Theory and Practice of Academic Writing (Em Buchanan) |
| INTL 114-01 | Intro to International Studies: International Codes of Conduct (James von Geldern) |
|
INTL 280-01
SOCI 280-01 |
Indigenous Peoples' Movements in Global Context (Erik Larson) |
|
LATI 294-01
SOCI 220-01 |
Sociology of Race/Ethnicity (Erika Busse-Cárdenas) |
|
LATI 307-01
SPAN 307-01 |
Introduction to the Analysis of Hispanic Texts (Toni Dorca) |
| MCST 249-01 | History of Film Since 1941 (Brad Stiffler) |
|
PHIL 100-01
PHIL 100-02 |
Introduction to Philosophy (Amanda Evans) |
|
PHIL 121-01
PHIL 121-02 |
Introduction to Ethics (Amy Ihlan) |
|
POLI 140-01
POLI 140-02 |
Foundations of Comparative Politics (Paul Dosh) |
|
POLI 160-01
POLI 160-02 |
Foundations of Political Theory (Rothin Datta) |
| PSYC 301-01 | Research in Psychology II (Cari Gillen-O'Neel) |
| PSYC 301-02 | Research in Psychology II (Steve Guglielmo) |
| PSYC 377-01 | Moral Psychology (Steve Guglielmo) |
|
PSYC 401-01
PSYC 401-02 PSYC 401-03 PSYC 401-04 |
Directed Research in Psychology (Guglielmo, Leneman, Ostrove, Vieth) |
| RELI 100-01 | Introduction to Islam: Formation and Expansion (Ahoo Najafian) |
| SOCI 269-01 | Social Science Inquiry (Christina Hughes) |
| SPAN 305-01 | Advanced Oral and Written Expression (Claudia Giannini) |
| SPAN 305-02 | Advanced Oral and Written Expression (Rosa Rull-Montoya) |
| THDA 112-01 | Reading Plays: Towards an Internationalist Theatre (Jarek Pastor) |
| THDA 345-01 | Performance Histories and Theories (STAFF) |
| WGSS 400-01 | Senior Seminar: Linking Theory and Practice (Myrl Beam) |
WC
| BIOL 180-01 | Biodiversity and Evolution (Sarah Boyer) |
| BIOL 180-02 | Biodiversity and Evolution (Kristina Curry Rogers) |
|
ENGL 150-01
ENGL 150-02 |
Introduction to Creative Writing (Sarah Ghazal Ali) |
| ENGL 150-03 | Introduction to Creative Writing (Michael Prior) |
| ENGL 150-04 | Introduction to Creative Writing (James Dawes) |
| ENGL 150-05 | Introduction to Creative Writing (Matt Burgess) |
|
ENGL 150-06
ENGL 150-07 |
Introduction to Creative Writing (Aurora Masum-Javed) |
| ENGL 208-01 | Literary Publishing (STAFF) |
| ENGL 280-01 | Crafts of Poetry: International Poetry (Sarah Ghazal Ali) |
| ENGL 281-01 | Crafts of Fiction: Humor as Resistance (Peter Bognanni) |
|
ENGL 285-01
THDA 242-01 |
Playwriting (Jarek Pastor) |
| ENGL 406-01 | Projects in Creative Writing (Peter Bognanni) |
| RELI 238-01 | Catholics: Culture, Identity, Politics (James Laine) |
| THDA 294-01 | Writing for Television: The Spec Pilot (Timothy Lord) |
WP
|
AMST 240-01
EDUC 240-01 |
Race, Culture, and Ethnicity in Education (Brian Lozenski) |
|
AMST 294-02
RUSS 294-01 |
Once We Arrived: Stories of Immigrants' First Jobs (Julia Chadaga) |
|
AMST 341-01
GEOG 341-01 |
Social Justice and the City: Segregation, Integration, and Gentrification (Daniel Trudeau) |
| ANTH 111-01 | Cultural Anthropology (Hilary Chart) |
|
ASIA 352-01
CHIN 352-01 |
Translating Chinese (Xin Yang) |
| CHIN 409-01 | A Kaleidoscope of China: Chinese in Context (Xin Yang) |
| COMP 382-01 | Computing Futures (Joslenne Peña) |
| ECON 421-01 | International Trade and Multinational Corporations (Felix Friedt) |
| ECON 422-01 | International Trade and Multinational Corporations Capstone (Felix Friedt) |
| EDUC 180-01 | Education and Society (Gonzalo Guzmán) |
| ENGL 105-01 | LGBTQ2S + Literature in America (Rachel Gold) |
| ENGL 210-01 | Film Studies: Literary Adaptations (Matt Burgess) |
|
ENVI 234-01
HIST 234-01 |
U.S. Environmental History (Tom Robertson) |
| GEOG 115-01 | Geography, Environment, and Society: Engaging with the World Around Us (I-Chun Catherine Chang) |
| GEOG 261-01 | World Urbanization (I-Chun Catherine Chang) |
| GEOG 284-01 | Sports Geography (Eric Carter) |
| GEOL 101-01 | Dinosaurs (Kristina Curry Rogers) |
| HIST 258-01 | Postwar Europe (Jess Pearson) |
|
JAPA 488-01
LING 488-01 |
Translating Japanese Literature: Theory and Practice (Arthur Mitchell) |
| LING 100-01 | Introduction to Linguistics (Zuoyu Tian) |
| MATH 312-01 | Differential Equations (Alexander Hanhart) |
| POLI 323-01 | Humanitarianism in World Politics (Wendy Weber) |
|
PSYC 100-01
PSYC 100-02 |
Introduction to Psychology (Keira Leneman) |
| PSYC 250-01 | Developmental Psychology (Erika DeAngelis) |
| RUSS 252-01 | Revolution, Repression, and Resistance: Soviet and Post-Soviet Literature and Culture (Julia Chadaga) |
| THDA 230-01 | The Art of Play: Action, Invention, and Chaos (Robert Rosen) |